ADP 3-90, page 49

The Offense 31 July 2019 ADP 3-90 3-9 Team Development Between Commanders 3-52. Commanders rely on others to execute their intent. Turning intent into reality takes the combined efforts of teams from both inside and outside their organizations. Commanders build effective teams through professional development and training. During combat, they organize their forces to accomplish their missions based on their concept of operations. They assign responsibilities, establish or delegate appropriate command or support relationships, and establish coordinating instructions. Sound organization provides for unity of effort, centralized planning, and decentralized execution. Unity of effort is necessary for effectiveness and efficiency. Centralized planning is essential for controlling and coordinating the efforts of friendly forces. Simplicity and clarity are critical when organizing Army forces with multinational forces and other unified action partners. Degraded Communications 3-53. All units conducting offensive operations should expect to operate in a contested and degraded communications environment. Degradation may arise from environmental circumstances, enemy action directed against friendly communications and information systems, or malfunctions. A degraded communications environment may be permanent or temporary. The use of mission orders and commander’s intent is critical to remaining effective in a degraded communications environment, regardless of the source of the degradation. (See FM 6-02 for more information on how units receive signal support.) 3-54. Enemies use several methods to deny friendly use of the cyberspace domain and the electromagnetic spectrum. These methods include cyberspace attack (digital attack against Army, joint, and other networks), electronic attack (jamming of portions of the electromagnetic spectrum), and physical attack against infrastructure and electronics. Units at each echelon require standard operating procedures and drills for restoring functionality and connectivity. 3-55. A unit can employ any number of measures to restore functionality to degraded communications and information systems. A unit may—  Use printed maps and overlays to maintain a common operational picture within a command post.  Use combat network radios to transmit orders and reports.  Increase the use of liaison officers.  Use couriers to transport orders, reports, and other information between headquarters and between maneuver units, using written orders, overlays, or digital media.  Run fiber-optic and telephone cables between headquarters. (Commanders and staffs should be aware that this technique increases the time required to establish and displace command posts.)  Displace to terrain that protects headquarters from enemy jamming.  Limit electronic emissions. Lower echelon units have the responsibility to restore communications with their higher echelon. Each impacted element restores communications using available resources and does not rely on protocols for establishing communications and liaison (from higher to lower, left to right, supporting to supported) to govern efforts to restore those communications. Units establish maximum time lapse interval standards for contact to be reestablished and the methods used to reestablish them. Commanders normally direct this as part of the operation order through a detailed primary, alternate, contingency, and emergency communication (PACE) plan. MOVEMENT AND MANEUVER 3-56. Commanders seek to create multiple dilemmas to prevent an enemy force from reacting in an organized fashion. They achieve this by moving forces to positions that compel enemy decisions that favor the friendly commander. When required, security forces prevent an enemy force from discerning friendly dispositions, capabilities, and intentions, or interfering with the preparations for the attack. 3-57. Close combat is warfare carried out on land in a direct-fire fight, supported by direct and indirect fires and other assets (ADP 3-0). Close combat encompasses all actions that place friendly forces in immediate contact with an enemy force where commanders use direct fire and movement in combination to defeat or destroy enemy forces or gain control and retain ground, often through shock effect. Shock effect describes a