ADP 3-90, page 56

Chapter 3 3-16 ADP 3-90 31 July 2019 conducting passive air defense measures during offensive operations and supplement maneuver short-range air defense systems coverage with combined arms for air defense measures using organic direct fire systems against threat air systems. Passive air defense measures are an essential part of air and missile defense planning at all levels and reduce the effectiveness of the enemy air threat. Effective commanders include passive air defense measures in planning at all levels. 3-99. Commanders establish air defense priorities based on the concept of operations, scheme of maneuver, air situation, critical and defended asset lists, and the air defense priorities established by higher echelon headquarters. If commanders have Army air defense systems in direct support of their attack, their coverage is generally weighted toward their unit’s decisive operation and establishing a protective corridor over the terrain traversed by units conducting that decisive operation. Targets selected to support tactical air defense efforts include—  Enemy unmanned aircraft systems.  Enemy rotary- and fixed-wing aircraft.  Enemy facilities supporting enemy air operations, such as airfields, launch sites, logistic support facilities, forward arming and refueling points, and aerial command and control sites. Enemy ground facilities are normally engaged by maneuver and fire support units and not air defense artillery units. (See FM 3-01 for additional information on air defense measures.) SUSTAINMENT 3-100. Sustainment enables tactical momentum in the offense, and it requires detailed planning. Commanders attempt to take advantage of windows of opportunity and execute the offense with minimum advance warning time. Therefore, sustainment—logistics, personnel services, and health service support— planners and operators anticipate these events and maintain the flexibility to support an offensive plan accordingly. Sustainment commanders must act, rather than react, to support requirements. The existence of habitual support relationships facilitates the ability to anticipate. Logistics 3-101. Logistics maintains the momentum of an attack by delivering supplies as far forward as possible. Commanders can use throughput distribution and preconfigured packages of essential items to help maintain offensive momentum and tempo. Commanders examine their unit’s basic load to determine its adequacy to support an operation. The basic load is the quantity of supplies required to be on hand within, and moved by a unit or formation, expressed according to the wartime organization of the unit or formation and maintained at the prescribed levels (JP 4-09). Commanders determine the combat load—the supplies carried by individual Soldiers and combat vehicles. A unit’s sustainment load consists of what remains of that unit’s basic load once the combat load is subtracted. Unit tactical vehicles carry the sustainment load. Commanders also determine the supplies required for likely contingencies, such as enemy use of CBRN agents. 3-102. Logistic units and materiel remain close to a maneuver force to ensure short turnaround time for supplies and services. This includes uploading as much critical materiel—such as petroleum, oils, and lubricants (known as POL), water, and ammunition—as possible. Commanders conceal logistic preparations for an attack to deny enemy forces indications of their unit’s tactical plans. 3-103. The availability of adequate supplies and transportation to sustain an operation becomes more critical as the operation progresses. Supply lines of communications (LOCs) lengthen, and the requirements for repair and replacement of weapon systems increase. Sustainment units in direct support of maneuver units must be as mobile as the forces they support. A way to provide continuous support is to task-organize elements of sustainment units or complete sustainment units with their supported maneuver formations as required by the mission variables. 3-104. A flexible and tailorable transportation system is necessary for widely dispersed forces and lengthening LOCs. Required capabilities include movement control, in-transit visibility of carried supplies, terminal operations, and transportation modes. Securing these LOCs and the units and convoys moving along them is critical.