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105 nuclear munitions and continuously updates JMEMs used by the Services for training and tactics development, operational targeting, weapons selection, aircraft loadouts, and planning for ammunition procurement, survivability, and development of improved munitions. JTCG/ME directs the analytical effort of working groups necessary to determine degrading effects of various terrain environments on non-nuclear munitions effectiveness and improving the database for target vulnerability, delivery accuracy, and weapons characteristics. JTCG/ME promotes and develops standardized procedures and models used by the Services and the munitions industry for the evaluation of non- nuclear munitions effectiveness and conducts special studies concerning munitions effectiveness. JTCG/ME is managed through the JTCG/ME program office within the Army Materiel Systems Analysis Activity at Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland. Part-time participants from the various Services are organized into working groups that represent the major areas of interest. These groups include air-to-surface, surface-to-surface, anti-air, target standardization, special effects, and information operations. Principal Service members serve on the JTCG/ME steering committee to direct group activities and funding. The US Army, as lead Service, appoints the steering committee chairman. Sister Services The US Army maintains an intelligence collection and analysis structure that Airmen may utilize when conducting many air and space operations. The Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) provides a wide variety of ground-based intelligence through its main production center, the National Ground Intelligence Center (NGIC). The US Navy also maintains an intelligence collection, analysis, and production structure that Airmen may utilize when conducting many air and space operations. Because the Navy’s “forward from the sea” concept and its large airpower capability, US Navy intelligence has a focus in many ways similar to Air Force intelligence. There are three main organizations that Airmen can utilize for targeting and assessment support. The Office of Naval Intelligence’s (ONI) main production center is the National Maritime Intelligence Center (NMIC). US Marine Corps, through the Marine Corps Intelligence Activity (MCIA), provides tailored intelligence based on expeditionary profiles in littoral areas. Non-Military Organizations Central Intelligence Agency gathers, analyzes, and produces most of the nation’s HUMINT. HUMINT may be able to provide targeteers with information not available though other intelligence collection methods. This may be particularly important in the case of terrorist organizations, which are often distributed networks with limited physical infrastructure. HUMINT is absolutely essential for analysis of such organizations.