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113 given effect (AFDD 2) centers of gravity. Those characteristics, capabilities or sources of power from which a military force derives its freedom of action, physical strength or will to fight. Also called COGs. (JP 1-02) [In Air Force terms, a COG is a primary source of moral (i.e., political leadership, social dynamics, cultural values, or religion) or physical (i.e., military, industrial, or economic) strength from which a nation, alliance, or military force in a given strategic, operational, or tactical context derives its freedom of action, physical strength, or will to fight] {Italicized words in brackets apply only to the Air Force and are offered for clarity.} collateral damage. Unintentional or incidental injury or damage to persons or objects that would not be lawful military targets in the circumstances ruling at the time. Such damage is not unlawful so long as it is not excessive in light of the overall military advantage anticipated from the attack. (JP 1-02) combat identification. The capability to attain an accurate characterization of detected objects in the joint battlespace to the extent that high confidence, timely application of military options and weapons resources can occur. Depending on the situation and the operational decisions that must be made, this characterization may be limited to “enemy,” “friend,” or “neutral.” In other situations, other characterizations may be required—including, but not limited to class, type, nationality, mission configuration, status, and intent. Also call CID. (AFDD 2-1.9) combined force commander. A general term applied to a combatant commander, subunified commander, or combined task force commander authorized to exercise combatant command (command authority) or operational control over a joint force. Also called CFC. (JP 1–02) command and control. The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission. Also called C2. (JP 0-2) cumulative effect. An effect resulting from the aggregation of multiple, contributory direct or indirect effects. (AFDD 2-1.9) deliberate targeting. The part of the tasking process for prosecuting targets that are detected, identified, and developed in sufficient time to schedule actions against them in tasking cycle products such as the air tasking order. (AFDD 2-1.9) direct effect. First-order result of an action with no intervening effect between action and outcome. Usually immediate, physical, and readily recognizable (e.g., weapons employment results). (AFDD 2-1.9)