AFDD 2-1.9, page 31

21 combatant commander’s vision. The air and space contribution to operational design/campaign planning is the JAOP. This planning may take place independently or in support of deliberate planning and may continue through CAP. The three processes are interrelated. All three may be conducted at different times for a given contingency and products created in one process are often used in others. For instance, a JAOP that is created as part of a theater CFACC’s campaign planning done in support of deliberate planning efforts may be taken “off the shelf” and used in CAP as a particular contingency unfolds and may then be executed as the air and space campaign plan once the crisis becomes open conflict. The JAOP is created through the JAEP. Almost all targeting support to pre-conflict planning is accomplished through the JAEP. Targeting support is vital during three of the six JAEP stages: mission analysis, situation and COA development, and JAOP development. See Figure 2.1. Mission Analysis. During this stage, IPB is started. In order to fully support an effects-based campaign, the intelligence community must conduct robust IPB to use as the foundation for planning. IPB is the first “pillar” of PBA, which provides a comprehensive framework for ISR support to planning and COA selection. Consequently, IPB must assist commanders in anticipating enemy intent and enable them in pre-empting enemy actions. The IPB process continues throughout planning by examining adversary and friendly capabilities, adversary intent, and the operational environment. Enemy and friendly centers of gravity (COG) are also identified during this initial stage of the JAEP. As mission analysis is refined through later stages of the JAEP, enemy COGs are analyzed, yielding critical vulnerabilities or other key system nodes. These are further examined through target system or nodal analysis to yield target sets, targets, critical elements, and aimpoints. Such analysis carries a considerable information-flow cost, however. In order to properly identify collection and exploitation requirements for targeting, target system analysis must begin well in advance of operations and must continue throughout them. It must begin during the initial stages of IPB and draw upon as much ongoing peacetime targeting material as is available for the theater or area of operations. Situation and COA Development. IPB is refined during this stage and includes detailed analysis of COGs identified during mission analysis. COG analysis is important to targeting efforts because it identifies the enemy’s sources of power and will to fight and tries to discover how and where those sources of power are vulnerable, where critical nodes within them are, and how they can be exploited. Two of the most common techniques for COG analysis usually yield insight on enemy systems that can be exploited to derive target sets and individual targets. The first is the “strategic ring” model, which divides the enemy “organism” into systems along functional lines (like leadership, organic essentials (resources), infrastructure, population, and defense or fighting mechanisms). This technique often yields useful target sets in each of the