AFDD 2-1.9, page 82

72 protected from attack (based on ROE, LOAC, or international law) and help speed target development once the battle rhythm has started. Collateral Damage Estimates Often, a target is on the RTL or NSL because of CD concerns. Thus, CD analysis begins during peacetime target development. Historically, individual theaters conducted CD estimation according to their own standards. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff directives now provide a coherent five-level process that standardizes DOD CD practices. Although some aspects of estimating CD occur during weaponeering, targeteers, in conjunction with intelligence analysts, can begin the process by applying general CD rules for identifying buildings, structures, areas, or other entities in proximity to an intended target that may be of concern. As non-kinetic and non-lethal weapons proliferate, CD concerns may go beyond typical kinetic effects. Information operations specialists can assist in identifying such non-kinetic CD concerns. Intelligence Gaps Often, lack of adequate intelligence may hinder comprehensive target development. In such cases, targeteers should identify intelligence gaps and submit requests for intelligence collection, analysis, and/or production that will give them the information they need to complete target development. All production requests are given to the AIS ISR operations flight for submission. This is true for planners assigned to both the AIS as well as those assigned to other flights or squadrons in the AIG or AOG. POINT MENSURATION Mensuration is simply the act of precisely measuring something. It is commonly used in targeting parlance to refer to the exact measurement of a target’s geographical coordinates. Point mensuration has always been an important part of targeting, since the points measured represent the DPIs for the munitions employed. As the accuracy of weapons delivery has improved, the importance of mensuration has grown in proportion. Accurate mensuration is a vital part of today’s targeting. Due to the potential consequences of inaccurately mensurating coordinates, the Joint Chiefs of Staff have mandated that those involved in point mensuration be certified to do it according to Joint Chiefs of Staff instructions. When accomplished before ATO execution, it permits employment of an entire class of weapons (those, like global positioning system (GPS)-aided and cruise missiles that guide to pre-set coordinates). PBA begins on D minus 365 —General John P. Jumper, Former CSAF Remarks to the 2002 Air and Space Conference, Washington D.C., 7 Mar 2002