JP 3-0, page 61

Joint Functions III-9 (2) Liaison is an important aspect of C2. Commanders may exchange liaison teams or individuals between higher, supporting, and subordinate commands as required. Liaison personnel generally represent the interests of the sending commander to the receiving commander, but can greatly promote understanding of the commander’s intent at both the sending and receiving HQ; they should be assigned early during joint operation planning. Liaison officers (LNOs) from supporting to supported commanders are particularly essential in determining needs and coordinating supporting actions. (3) Control and Coordination Measures. JFCs establish various maneuver and movement control, airspace coordinating, and fire support coordination measures to facilitate effective joint operations. These measures include boundaries, phase lines, objectives, coordinating altitudes to deconflict air operations, air defense areas, operational areas, submarine operating patrol areas, no-fire areas, and others as required. For additional guidance on C2 of air operations, refer to JP 3-30, Command and Control for Joint Air Operations. For additional guidance on control and coordination measures, refer to JP 3-09, Joint Fire Support, and JP 3-52, Joint Airspace Control. See Military Standard- 2525C, Common Warfighting Symbology, for additional guidance on the use and discussion of graphic control measures and symbols for the joint force. (4) Communications and ISR systems provide communications, ISR, targeting, and ballistic missile warning. The precision, speed, and interoperability with which these systems operate improve access to the information available to all command levels, thereby enhancing a common perspective of the operational environment. Effective command at varying operational tempos requires timely, reliable, secure, interoperable, and sustainable communications. Communications and ISR planning increases options available to JFCs by providing the communications sensor systems necessary to collect, process, store, protect, and disseminate information at decisive times. These communications and sensor systems permit JFCs to exploit tactical success and facilitate future operations. (a) Communications System Planning. The mission and structure of the joint force determine specific information flow and processing requirements. These requirements dictate the general architecture and specific configuration of the communications system. Therefore, communications system planning must be integrated and synchronized with joint operation planning. Through effective communications system planning, the JFC is able to apply capabilities at the critical time and place for mission success. (b) Communications system planning considers, and when appropriate, accommodates communications links with interorganizational partners. Interoperability and communications security planning with these partners is essential to ensure secure communications protect sensitive information. Routine communications and backup systems may be disrupted, and civil authorities might have to rely on available military communications equipment. Communications system planning also must consider termination of US involvement and procedures to transfer communications system control to another agency such as the United Nations (UN). Planning should consider that it may be