ADP 3-90, page 24

Chapter 2 2-6 ADP 3-90 31 July 2019 2-22. The Army views the intelligence process as a model that describes how the intelligence warfighting function facilitates situational understanding and supports decision making. Commanders and staffs must understand the intelligence process. To be effective, collected data and information require processing, timely analysis, fusion, distribution, and access. The Army intelligence process consists of four steps (plan and direct, collect and process, produce, and disseminate) and two continuing activities (analyze and assess). (See ADP 2-0 for additional information on the intelligence process.) 2-23. Surveillance is a systematic collection of information. It should be continuous, and it involves active and passive activities. Reconnaissance is the active collection of information, and it usually includes human participation. Both surveillance and reconnaissance produce combat information that meets one or more of the commander’s critical information requirements or intelligence requirements. (See chapter 5 for additional information on reconnaissance operations. See FM 3-90-2 for a detailed discussion of reconnaissance.) 2-24. Security operations are those operations performed by commanders to provide early and accurate warning of enemy operations, to provide the forces being protected with time and maneuver space within which to react to the enemy, and to develop the situation to allow commanders to effectively use their protected forces. Security operations and reconnaissance operations differ in that security operations focus on the protected force or location while reconnaissance operations focus on the enemy and terrain. (See chapter 5 for additional information on security operations.) Civil-Military Operations 2-25. Civil-military operations is activities of a commander performed by designated military forces that establish, maintain, influence, or exploit relations between military forces and indigenous populations and institutions by directly supporting the achievement of objectives relating to the reestablishment or maintenance of stability within a region or host nation (JP 3-57). Commanders conduct civil-military operations to coordinate and integrate joint, single-Service, and multinational operations with the operations of other U.S. government departments and agencies, nongovernmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations (for example, the United Nations), and the private sector. Movement Control 2-26. Movement control is the dual process of committing allocated transportation assets and regulating movements according to command priorities to synchronize distribution flow over lines of communications to sustain land forces (ADP 4-0). Units transiting another unit’s AO are required to coordinate with that unit’s headquarters. Generally, the unit assigned an AO controls movement within that AO. The designation, maintenance, route security, and control of movement along routes within an AO are the responsibility of the owning unit unless the higher echelon coordinating instructions directs otherwise. The commander of an AO may designate movement routes as open, supervised, dispatch, reserved, or prohibited. Each route’s designation varies based on the mission variables. (See ATP 4-16 for a discussion of movement planning and control measures.) Clearance of Fires 2-27. Clearance of fires is the process by which the supported commander ensures that fires or their effects will have no unintended consequences on friendly units or the scheme of maneuver (FM 3-09). The commander of the AO clears fires. Within their AO, units may employ most direct or indirect fire systems without receiving further clearance from their higher echelon headquarters. However, there are three exceptions. The first and most common exception is that a unit may not use munitions within its own AO without coordination if the effects of those munitions extend beyond its AO. Second, a higher echelon headquarters may explicitly restrict the use of certain munitions, such as scatterable mines. Third, a higher echelon headquarters may impose a restrictive fire support coordination measure (FSCM), such as a no-fire area around a dislocated civilian camp. 2-28. Generally, a commander may not employ indirect fires across boundaries without receiving clearance from the unit into whose AO the fires enter. In limited circumstances, commanders use direct and observed joint fires when firing across boundaries at positively identified enemy forces when there is no time to coordinate with adjacent friendly units.