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97 certainly still important, other “INTs” such as HUMINT, SIGINT, measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT), foreign instrumentation signals intelligence (FISINT), and open-source intelligence (OSINT); can be equally—and sometimes more— important to targeteers and planners. Collaboration with federated organizations will enable analysts to pull together this multitude of intelligence to utilize in targeting. Federation Classification There are two fundamental ways to classify federated support, which affect how relationships are built, help determine how taskings are conveyed, and influence how information is disseminated. All components—Air Force and joint, official and unofficial—are required for effective federation. Air Force and Joint/National. CAOC planners are concerned with two federated systems: one internal to the Air Force (also known as “reachback”) and one that involves joint and national agencies. The Air Force only has control over the reachback system. The joint/national system is based on the needs of geographic combatant commanders or CFCs. These needs are coordinated with the larger joint community through the Joint Staff J-2’s deputy director for targeting (J2T). However, the COMAFFOR should submit requirements through the combatant commander or CFC for any joint or national federated support he or she needs. In both cases, federated support should be coordinated prior to hostilities. Such coordination should delineate specific duties to federated partners, establish timelines, and determine the methods of communication to be used. Additionally, whenever possible, COMAFFORs should coordinate federated partner participation in theater exercises. Without proper coordination, federated partners may be unclear of duties once hostilities begin. Exercise participation may reveal points of friction, process errors, and operational limitations that coordination alone may not reveal. Federated partners may also have conflicting priorities if multiple contingencies occur simultaneously in different theaters, as most federated partners are not subordinate to a single, specific theater and solid peacetime working relationships may help reduce the impact of such seams or priority conflicts. Official and Unofficial. Targeting and assessment are year-round efforts. In the past, many organizations supported theater targeting efforts even though they were not We need to do a better job of human intelligence. There are some things that you are just not going to see from space. Overhead imagery is very important, but we should not over-emphasize it. They [potential adversaries] know how to conceal the imagery, and that won’t give us the complete picture. —Dr. Stephen Younger, Director, Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) Comments concerning intelligence support for precision strike capabilities, 2004