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98 officially part of a federated team. This support was often slow, due to limitations of existing communication technology. Development of the internet and creation of Intelink, however, ushered in a whole new era of federated partnership. Much of the intelligence that was created for and sent to specific theaters in years past is now disseminated to the world via the net. Peacetime federation, therefore, is often informal. During hostilities, however, formal relationships are necessary, since timelines are severely reduced. For instance, NGA produce daily imagery for use in target development. They produce this imagery because that is what sensors have taken pictures of. CAOC planners can coordinate with NGA to obtain these products, but they require no formal relationship to do so. While the intelligence community is doing its mission, the CAOC is simply taking advantage of available resources. During a conflict, however, the CAOC’s needs may require specific NGA action and be much more time-critical. This may require a formal request for support from the CFC to the NGA. Obviously, if the need can be anticipated and planned for, the partners can accomplish the necessary requests and coordination, which will improve the timeliness and quality of the support. The bottom line is that, while peacetime requirements may be met a less formal federated structure, contingencies dictate that all federation partners know exactly what support is required of them, the timelines involved with providing the support, and in what manner they need to provide it. Types of Federated Support Federated partners can provide support to many stages of targeting. Objectives, effects, and guidance. Many federated organizations, both Air Force and joint, have analysts who have studied specific targets, target sets, nations, and regions for many years. Many of the analysts with deepest understanding are civilians working for national intelligence agencies. Their comprehensive expertise may be useful to CAOC strategists when developing objectives, effects, and measures of effectiveness. Target Development. Federated targeting units conduct target development year- round. Theater targeting units can utilize this information, reducing redundancy as well as workload. There are a large number of intelligence and other analytic organizations that specialize in certain targets or target systems. For instance, the Air Force Information Warfare Center (AFIWC) can provide information on command and control linkages; the Joint Warfare Analysis Center (JWAC) has engineers who specialize in lines of communication, electrical power generation, and POL distribution; and DIA’s Missile and Space Intelligence Center (MSIC) are experts in surface-to-air missiles. These, and many other organizations, can be called upon to provide expertise for specific targeting efforts. Even if these organizations are not official members of a theater federated targeting effort, they can still be utilized to assist with target development. Collateral Damage Estimation. While CAOC personnel can conduct most of the effort required to estimate collateral damage, some estimates require advanced