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Core Army Analytic Techniques 18 August 2014 ATP 2-33.4 5-17 compromise the identity, location, or actions of other cells. Compartmenting functions within organizational structure makes it difficult to penetrate the entire organization. Personnel within one cell are often unaware of the existence of other cells and cannot provide sensitive information to infiltrators or captors. 5-63. Cells may be based on family or employment relationships, on a geographic basis, or by specific functions such as direct action or intelligence. The organization may also form multifunctional cells. Cell members remain in close contact with each other, given allowance and guidance by a directing authority, in order to provide motivational support and enhance security procedures. The cell leader is normally the only person who communicates and coordinates with higher levels and other cells. Organizations may form only one cell or may form several cells that operate in local or regional areas, across national borders, or among several countries in transnational operations. 5-64. There are two basic ways for organizations to be structured: organizations may use hierarchical or networked structures. A group may also employ either type or a combination of the two models; and the structure may change at different levels of the organization.  Hierarchical structure:  Hierarchical structure organizations are those that have a well-defined vertical chain of command, control, and responsibility. Data and intelligence flows up and down organizational channels that correspond to these vertical chains, but may not necessarily move horizontally through the organization. Figure 5-7 illustrates hierarchically structured organizations; both military and terrorist organization may use this structure.  Hierarchical organizations feature specialization of functions in their subordinate cells, such as support, operations, and intelligence. Usually, only the cell leader has knowledge of other cells or contacts, and only senior leaders have visibility of the organization at large. Figure 5-7. Hierarchical organization