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Chapter 5 5-18 ATP 2-33.4 18 August 2014 Note. Military organizations’ order of battle is a type of hierarchical network in which the cell leaders are military commanders and leaders. Unlike insurgent or terrorist cell organization, military organization and leadership is generally known by all members of the organization.  Networked structure:  The analyst will encounter increasingly broader systems of networks as groups become more experienced. Groups based on religious or single-issue motives may lack a specific political or nationalistic agenda. They have less need for a hierarchical structure to coordinate plans and actions. Instead, they can depend and even thrive on loose affiliation with groups or individuals from a variety of locations. General goals and targets are announced and individuals or cells are expected to use flexibility and initiative to conduct action in support of these guidelines.  The effectiveness of a networked organization is dependent on several considerations. The network achieves long-term organizational effectiveness when cells share a unifying ideology, common goals, or mutual interests. A difficulty for network organizations not sharing a unifying ideology is cells can pursue objectives or take actions that do not meet the goals of the organization, or are counterproductive. In this instance, the independence of cells fails to develop synergy between their activities and limits their contribution to common or selective objectives.  Networks distribute the responsibility for operations and plan for redundancies of key functions. Cells do not contact or coordinate with other cells except for coordination essential to a particular operation or function. Avoiding unnecessary coordination or command approval for action provides ability for terrorist leaders to deny responsibility of specified acts of terror, as well as to enhance operational security.  Figure 5-8 shows an example of a network organization and structural options. Figure 5-8. Networked organization and structural options example 5-65. Networks are not necessarily dependent on modern information technology for effective command and control. The organizational structure and the flow of information and guidance inside the organization are defining aspects of networks. While information technology can make networks more effective, low technology means (such as couriers, paper messages, and landline telephones) can enable networks to avoid detection and operate effectively in certain circumstances.