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Joint Operations Across the Range of Military Operations V-31 detail by the CCDR’s staff. Also, operational limitations imposed on any agency or organization involved in the operation should be clarified for other agencies and organizations to facilitate coordination. d. Force Protection. Limited contingency operations may involve a requirement to protect nonmilitary personnel. In the absence of the rule of law, the JFC must address when, how, and to what extent he will extend force protection to civilians and what that protection means. e. Training. Participation in or around the operational environment of certain types of smaller-scale contingencies may preclude normal mission-related training. For example, infantry units or fighter squadrons conducting certain protracted PO may not have the time, facilities, or environment in which to maintain individual or unit proficiency for traditional missions. In these situations, commanders should develop programs that enable their forces to maintain proficiency in their core competencies/mission essential tasks to the greatest extent possible. SECTION E. MAJOR OPERATIONS AND CAMPAIGNS 10. Major Operations and Campaigns a. When required to achieve national strategic objectives or protect national interests, the US national leadership may decide to conduct a major operation or campaign involving large-scale combat, placing the United States in a wartime state. In such cases, the general goal is to prevail against the enemy as quickly as possible, conclude hostilities, and establish conditions favorable to the HN, the United States, and its multinational partners. Establishing these conditions often requires joint forces to conduct stability operations to restore security, provide essential services and humanitarian relief, and conduct emergency reconstruction. b. Major operations and campaigns typically include multiple phases (such as the 1990-1991 Operations DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM and 2003 OIF). Some specific crisis-response or limited contingency operations may not involve large-scale combat, but could be considered major operations or campaigns depending on their scale and duration (such as Tsunami relief efforts in Indonesia or Hurricane Katrina relief efforts in the US, both in 2005). c. A major operation is a series of tactical actions, such as battles, engagements, and strikes, and is the primary building block of a campaign. Within a campaign, combat forces of a single or several Services, coordinated in time and place, conduct major operations to achieve strategic or operational objectives in an operational area. Forces conduct these actions simultaneously or sequentially in accordance with a common plan and are controlled by a single Service commander or the JFC. A noncombat operation, such as FHA, can be a major operation if the combination of size, scope, and duration requires the commander to phase the operation as a set of tasks, activities, and missions over time.