JP 3-0, page 108

Chapter V V-2 JP 3-0 HOPE in Somalia, can be extremely dangerous and may require combat operations to protect US forces while accomplishing the mission. Individual major operations and campaigns often contribute to a larger, long-term effort (e.g., OEF). The nature of the strategic security environment may require US forces to engage in several types of joint operations simultaneously across the range of military operations. For these missions, commanders combine and sequence offensive, defensive, and stability operations and activities to achieve objectives. The commander for a particular operation determines the emphasis to be placed on each type of mission or activity. Although this publication discusses specific types of operations under the various categories in the range of military operations, each type is not doctrinally fixed and could shift within that range. For instance, a counterinsurgency operation could escalate from a security cooperation activity into a major operation or campaign. (1) Military Engagement, Security Cooperation, and Deterrence. These ongoing activities establish, shape, maintain, and refine relations with other nations and domestic civil authorities (e.g., state governors or local law enforcement). The general strategic and operational objective is to protect US interests at home and abroad. See Section C, “Military Engagement, Security Cooperation, and Deterrence.” (2) Crisis Response and Limited Contingency Operations. A crisis response or limited contingency operation can be a single small-scale, limited-duration operation or a significant part of a major operation of extended duration involving combat. The associated general strategic and operational objectives are to protect US interests and/or prevent surprise attack or further conflict. See Section D, “Crisis Response and Limited Contingency Operations.” (3) Major Operations and Campaigns. When required to achieve national strategic objectives or protect national interests, the US national leadership may decide to conduct a major operation or campaign normally involving large-scale combat. During major operations, joint force actions are conducted simultaneously or sequentially in accordance with a common plan and are controlled by a single commander. A campaign is a series of related major operations aimed at achieving strategic and operational objectives within a given time and space. See Section E, “Major Operations and Campaigns.” b. Simultaneous Nature of Theater Operations (1) CCDR’s can simultaneously conduct joint operations with different military end states within an AOR. JFCs might initiate major operations and campaigns while security cooperation activities are ongoing in the same or another part of the theater (such as OEF during the enforcement of UN sanctions on Iraq). Further, a crisis response or limited contingency operation could occur separately or as part of a campaign or major operation (such as the 1991 noncombatant evacuation operation [NEO] in Somalia during Operation DESERT SHIELD). In the extreme, major operations or a theater campaign may occur within a theater concurrently with a separate or related global campaign (such as OEF and OIF). CCDRs should pay particular attention to synchronizing and integrating the activities of assigned, attached, and