JP 3-0, page 97

Organizing for Joint Operations IV-5 points. For example, Figure IV-2 depicts notional operational and strategic COGs (there could be more). It shows each as a sub-system composed of related nodes and clarifies that the two COGs are related by a common node. This helps commanders and their staffs visualize and design a broad approach to mission accomplishment early in the planning process, which makes detailed planning more efficient. For further guidance on developing a systems perspective as part of JIPOE, refer to JP 2-01.3, Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment. For further guidance on the use of a systems perspective in operational design and joint operation planning, refer to JP 5-0, Joint Operation Planning. Figure IV-2. The Interconnected Operational Environment Legend Decisive Point COG center of gravity COG Node Node Link The Interconnected Operational Environment A systems perspective facilitates operational design and joint operation planning by providing the joint force commander (JFC) and staff with a common frame of reference for collaboration with interorganizational and multinational partners to determine and coordinate actions that are beyond the JFC’s command authority. Operational COG Strategic COG Military Social Informational Infrastructure Political Economic