…Gatekeeping behavior such as this is normally a dealbreaker for reliable communications. However, WinLink can be used in Peer-to- Peer mode, completely bypassing WinLink gateways to send an email from one radio, to another. This…

…The division is normally a tactical headquarters subordinate to a tactical corps or a joint force land component. In this case, the airspace element provides airspace requirements to the higher headquarters’ airspace section for integration into…

…Defensive synchronization is normally the result of detailed planning and preparation among the various units participating in defensive operations. While these activities may be separated in time and space, they are synchronized if enemy forces feel…

…Lack of preparation time may cause a commander to maintain a larger-than- normal reserve or accept greater risk. All units must be capable of mounting a defense with minimal preparation. A defending commander can increase…

…Obstacles deployed in the offense, to include scatterable mines, are normally emplaced by engineers, rotary-winged aircraft, or artillery. Engineers emplacing obstacles must keep pace with advancing maneuver forces and be prepared to emplace obstacles. Commanders…

…Preparation fires are normally high-volume fires delivered over a short period to maximize surprise and shock effects. These preparation fires also include the conduct of electronic warfare and offensive cyberspace operations. They can continue while…

…Enemy fires and friendly use accelerate the normal wear on routes. Engineers maintain the trafficability of those routes. Enemy fires may necessitate deploying engineer equipment, such as assault bridging and bulldozers, forward. During a counterattack, engineer…

…In each variation of a retrograde, a force not in contact with an enemy force moves to another location, normally by a tactical road march. In all variations of the retrograde, firm control of friendly maneuver…

…70. An attacking enemy force can be expected to create or take advantage of limited visibility conditions. Normally, a defending commander can expect an attacker taking advantage of these conditions to—  Conduct reconnaissance to locate…

…The FLOT normally identifies the forward location of covering or screening forces. In the defense, it may be beyond, at, or short of the FEBA. It does not apply to small, long-range reconnaissance assets and…

…Circumstances may require defending; however, tactical success normally requires shifting to the offense as soon as possible. The offense ends when forces accomplish their missions, reach their limit of advance (LOA), or approach culmination. Those forces…

…During offensive operations, aviation units and systems normally integrate into the scheme of maneuver and are given missions similar to those of ground maneuver units. Aviation forces conduct attacks, air assaults, and reconnaissance. They can deploy…

…An attack by fire position normally applies to company-size and smaller units. ATTACK POSITION 3-23. The attack position is the last position an attacking force occupies or passes through before crossing the line of…

…Support by fire positions are normally located on the flank of the assault force and elevated above the objective. Support by fire positions rarely apply to units larger than company size. TARGET CONTROL MEASURES 3-37…

…Enemy ground facilities are normally engaged by maneuver and fire support units and not air defense artillery units. (See FM 3-01 for additional information on air defense measures.) SUSTAINMENT 3-100. Sustainment enables tactical momentum…

…When this occurs, the attacking unit can regain its momentum, but normally this only happens after difficult fighting, the commitment of additional forces, or an operational pause. 3-117. If commanders cannot achieve their objectives before…

…Commanders normally do not employ administrative movements once their units deploy into combat operations. The echelon logistic staff officer usually supervises these types of moves. (See FM 4-01 for a discussion of Army transportation operations…

…This normally means that commanders are well forward, usually with the force conducting the decisive operation or designated as the main effort. Once the decisive operation or main effort makes contact with enemy forces, the commander…

…Divisions and larger echelon formations normally execute mobile defenses. BCTs and maneuver battalions participate in a mobile defense as part of a fixing force or a striking force. RETROGRADE 4-19. The retrograde is a type…

…Commanders normally direct this as part of the operation order through a detailed primary, alternate, contingency, and emergency communication (PACE) plan. MOVEMENT AND MANEUVER 3-56. Commanders seek to create multiple dilemmas to prevent an enemy…