…This operation marked the first commitment of forces in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s (NATO’s) history as well as the first time since World War II that American and Russian soldiers have shared a…

…Lessons Learned from Russian Military Operations in Chechnya 1994-1996 1. Introduction J-1 2. Operations in Chechnya J-1 3. Lessons Learned J-2 Appendix K. Glossary K-1 Appendix L. References L-1 viii

(4) Night fighting was the most difficult activity for Russian infantry. The Russian infantry, at all levels, was inadequately trained for night operations, and lacked night vision equipment. (5) Armored vehicles cannot operate in cities without…

…The Russians were ill-prepared for the level of mental health problems they encountered. Additionally, logistics units were often unable to provide fresh drinking water, which caused Russian troops to consume contaminated water that resulted in…

The recapture of Grozny was a significant loss for the Russians, precipitating a general cease-fire and the withdrawal of Russian forces from the Republic. Besides the military aspects of combat in Chechnya, other issues such…

Appendix J Lessons Learned from Russian Military Operations in Chechnya 1994-1996 1. Introduction. Many historical studies of urban combat have become dated. This is primarily the result of the impact that technology has had on…

…Much of the Russian tactical radio traffic was broadcast in the clear, which allowed the Chechens to intercept it. The Chechens were able to redirect Russian airstrikes onto Russian targets, and engage Russian artillery forward observers…

…The Russians lacked sufficient military communication equipment, and had to supplement with commercial assets. (8) Russian tactical communication was very difficult in Grozny. Urban structures in Grozny interfered with Russian military radios, severely hindering tactical communications…

(13) Standard Russian military unit configurations were inappropriate for urban combat. Typical Russian army unit organizations, oriented to open spaces and mechanized operations, proved to be inadequate for urban combat. They eventually had to adopt specially…

(7) The Russians found "bunker busting" weapons to be invaluable. The Russians came to rely heavily on "bunker busting" weapons for engaging Chechens, primarily snipers, entrenched in buildings. (8) Russian helicopters needed stand-off weapons, that…